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Erick ran in a 40 mile race through the Pyrenees. The “track” went up and down for 5 miles of elevation changes over wet grassy or muddy hills and mountains. It had rained the nigh tbefore and during the run, making footing very difficult.
The track.
The sheep seemed to have good footing.
Church in leitza
Basque Country flags.

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Connie and I got to visit Granada for a few days. The famous Alhambra was begun by the first monarch of the Nasrid dynasty, Mohammed I ibn Nasr, who lived from 1238–1273, and then developed by other leaders for centuries. On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, (aka Boabdil) surrendered Granada to Fernando V and Isabella I, (“the Catholic Monarchs”). On our last day there, we ran into a former student of mine, Nicole, who had gone with Satya Patnayak and me to Costa Rica for a class trip about 10 years ago. She is teaching English in Granada now. She talked about how hard it is for people her age, for whom unemployment is officially at about 25%, but the real rate is much higher since so many are no longer looking for jobs that have not existed since the economic crisis in Spain began in 2008. We were not permitted to take pictures inside the Capilla Real, but of course somehow there are many pictures of it on-line, such as at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Capilla_Real_de_Granada . It is striking to see the place where Ferdinand and Isabel, the couple that first united much of Spain, are buried.
At one of the great restaurants at the Plaza de Bib-Rambla: Laseda. We loved the salmorejo, lomo de cordero, . . . . http://www.restaurantelaseda.com/
After dinner, I returned to the Mirador de San Nicolas, the overlook that provided a mesmerizing view.
Mathematics and mysticism go hand in hand in the geometric designs.
One last shot for the evening.
Inside Alhambra, the Arabic and geometrical designs are gorgeous. I don’t know what this says, but the phrase, “None conquers but Allah” is repeated 9,000 times in the entire complex.
Courtyard of the Lions
The arches are one of the captivating parts of the design.
The Façada de Comares was built by Muhammad V in 1369 after his successful siege of Algeciras.
The Courtyard of the Myrtles.
Courtyard of the Lions
Generalife; the gardens.
The Cathedral in Granada.
Generalife; the gardens.
The keep.
Looking to the Nazrid Palaces and the Palace of Charles V.
The high altar in the Granada Cathedral.
Granada Cathedral
Music Stand
Music big enough for the entire choir to see.
St. Thomas of Villanova, fo rwhom Villanova University is named.
Santiago, St, James leading the reconquest. We just watched a good video, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PM8HnvuKbAo&t=9s , When the Moors Ruled Spain.
A pure blood document.
Queen Isabel accepting the proposal of Columbus (which she did in Granada even though her advisers knew that Columbus had seriously underestimated the circumference of the earth. The Brooklyn Museum has a famous painting of this at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Emanuel_Gottlieb_Leutze_-_Columbus_Before_the_Queen.JPG
Torah from the 15th century.
Jewish Symbols.
Conversos Documents

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Guillermo Graiño led a group of German and UFV students on a short walking tour of Madrid.  Here are a few places he talked about:

Guillermo explaining the history of the parliament building.
Our group in front of the parliament.
Philip IV represented in bronze in the Plaza de Oriente.
The royal palace from the side.
The rest of that side.
THe royal palace of the Bourbons.
The royalty could go by underground tunnels to this nearby church.
Philip II in the Plaza Mayor.
In front of the parliament is not a politician, but a statue of one of Spain’s great authors.
Going into the European Commission building.
Giving on eof the excellent presentations.

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Penitence rituals in Seville date back to the 14th century; 30 or so brotherhoods organizing their own processions date at least to the 16th century. They stopped during the anticlerical Second Republic in the early 1930s and then again shortly after Franco died in 1975. They now attract enormous numbers of people, including Connie and me. And by the way, the food is fabulous too! Octopus tapas, salmorejo cordobés, bastante vino tinto, . . .

This Flamenco show was remarkable as well. We chose the one that the BBC likes: “More authentic and intimate are the performances that take place in Seville’s cultural institutions. The Casa de la Memoria de Al-Andalus (the House of Al-Andalus Memories) encased in a former Sephardic Jewish mansion in the higgledy-piggledy Santa Cruz quarter, has garnered an excellent reputation in recent years for its heavy Baroque atmosphere and skillful musicians who are not afraid to improvise.”
Americans can’t help but be struck by the KKK looking hats, which of course come from a very different set of circumstances.
There is a distinct order for each procession, of which there are about 70 or so over the course of the week. A great cross is carried at the beginning of each procession. A number of people (sometimes barefoot) dressed in a habit and with the distinctive pointed hood (capirote), hold long wax candles, march in silence. Colors, forms and details of the habit are distinctive for each brotherhood. A group of altar boys, acolytes, dressed in vestments with chandeliers and incense, and other servants. A musical group follows or precedes the paso (march). A number of penitentes, carrying wooden crosses, make public penance. They wear the habit and the hood of the brotherhood, but the hood is not pointed.
There are set times throughout Holy Week for each of the marches. The Maundy Thursday processions are the most well known. The floats, as we think of them, are of Jesus’ Passion and then of Mary.
Most are covered in silver and gold, and many date back centuries.
Getting around town easily during Holy Week is out of the question. You watch a procession go by, and then make your way ahead.
The greatest crowds are gone by Easter Sunday. The emphasis is on the Passion, not the Resurrection, it seems. The tickets required for these seats before were not necessary on Easter. You didn’t see any empty seats before Easter either.
Carrying these for hours through narrow streets is an impressive feat.
The entry into the cathedral. A mosque on this site was torn down in 1401. Over the next century, the third largest Gothic church in the world was built.
La Giralda, the iconic tower of the cathedral, originally a minaret in the mosque there.
Santa Justa and Santa Rufina are Seville’s patron saints. They have palm branches, symbolizing their martyrdom and they stand next to the cathedral’s tower.
Columbus made four trips to the New World, which he always thought was Asia, during his life. He kept traveling after he died, being buried in northwest Spain, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and finally Seville. Here he is being carried by pall bearers representing Castile, Aragon, León, and Navarre – four regions of Spain.
The high altar is 65 feet tall, with 44 scenes from the life of Jesus.
The choir.
The two saints with palm branches next to the tower.
The pennant or flag of Ferdinand III, who conquered Seville in 1248.
Part of the 7000 pipe organ in the choir.
This painting of the Virgin is older than the cathedral, being incorporated into it when the cathedral was built.
Recognize our saints?
The 1,000 pound monstrance.
From the 14th century.
Santiago on a white horse leading the Reconquista.
The two saints.
A cool building.
The penitents would add wax to the balls formed by children for their keepsakes.
Real Alcázar de Sevilla
Real Alcázar de Sevilla
King Ferdinand III prostrate before the pope.
This is a 17th century, very long, painting of a Seville procession. The reflection from the glass makes it a horrible photo.
This is in the room where Queen Isabel heard from Columbus after his trip to the New World. Ferdinand Magellan and Amerigo Vespucci were here as well. Mary is protecting the ships, sailors, and Indians.
Santiago
The Mudejar – Islamic / Christian – hybrid style.
The amazing courtyard of the palace / castle.
The isignias of Castille and León.
The dome of the hall with images of former Spanish kings.
The Treaty of Tordisillas, in which the pope gave Brazil to Portugal and pretty much the rest of South America to the Spanish in 1494.
The Archive of the Indies, where millions of documents from the colonial period are held. Many are available at http://pares.mcu.es/ .
Columbus
Immaculada from 1672 by Juan de Valdez Leal.

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We had a wonderful couple of days in Córdoba.

Polyphemus and Galatea. “The Cyclops Polyphemus and the goddess-nymph of the sea Galatea. The Cyclops is represented with three eyes, one set in the middle of his forehead. He is draped in an animal skin and holds a staff. Galatea is seated on the back of a Ketos, a wolf-headed sea monster with the body of a snake and the tail of a dolphin. The Cyclops Polyphemus loved the beautiful sea nymph, however Galatea loved a handsome Sicilian River-God named Acis. Polyphemus jealously killed his rival by crushing him against a huge rock.” https://followinghadrian.com/2016/03/13/a-guide-to-the-mosaics-along-the-roman-baetica-route-spain/ http://www.alcazardelosreyescristianos.cordoba.es/?id=640
The foundations to the Roman bridge, built in the 1st century AD, with the Mezquita (Mosque) and cathedral in the distance.
Statue of St. Raphael on the bridge.
The arch designed to welcome King Philip II is at the end of the bridge.
The Visigoths, who were Christian, in about 500 AD built the St Vincent church on the site of the current mosque / Cathedral. Some remnants of their work were not destroyed.
After conquering this part of current Spain, Abd ar-Rahman I started in 784 to rework St Vincent church into a mosque. Over the next centuries, his descendants gradually developed it, completing it in 987.
Exterior wall of the mosque on the street where our hotel was.
Inside the mosque.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-colonial-americas/ap-art-islamic-world-medieval/a/the-great-mosque-of-cordoba
The Mihrab
Looking up from the Mihrab
further up
Statue of Alverroes by the old city wall. http://www.iep.utm.edu/ibnrushd/
Bell Tower in the Mezquita
Looking down from the CalahorraTower at the far side of the Roman bridge from the Mezquita.
Looking through the Tower’s ramparts towards the Mezquita.
CalahorraTower at the far side of the Roman bridge from the Mezquita, where there is now a nice museum of the Islamic period.
I think this is part of the Islamic period water management system.
Islamic period water wheel, I think.
Floor of the Casa de Safared.
Synagogue in the Casa de Safared.
A statue of Maimonides, the great Jewish intellectual.
The synagogue is small; from the early 14th century.
The Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos, begun by the Muslims in the 8th century, developed by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella.
The East Wall of the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos
North Wall
Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos – and the moon.
Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos – and the moon.
The arch for King Philip II. The stands are in preparation for Holy Week celebrations.
Capilla of St Augustin in the Mezquita.
The Cathedral was built in the middle of the Mosque.
The Altar
The choir chairs are of the lives of Jesus and Mary, and the martyrs of Córdoba.
You can see a representation of how she died in the background.
The royal chapel in the Mezquita where royalty used to be buried.
Santiago
Ferdinand III
The Monstrance in the Treasury
St Augustin
Reviewing stand ready for Palm Sunday
Once again, we took Rick Steve’s advice; this time it led us to the Bodegas Campos, where we had a fabulous meal of bull tail stew. Being good Americans, we were the first ones there when it opened for dinner at 8:30. It was packed by the time we left, when self-respecting Spaniards began arriving.
Wine barrels in the Bodega.
A very cute girl I had dinner with at the Bodega.
Looking at the Roman bridge
Our hotel – also a Rick Steves suggestion.
A nice fellow by a Mezquita door.
Nice place for a glass of wine.
Our room
From our window
A street corner I liked.
Connie in our hotel window.
My favorite view of Córdoba.

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The high speed train from Madrid to Toledo takes less than a half hour, giving us the day to go through the El Greco Museum and the Cathedral.

“The Holy Church Cathedral is dedicated to Virgin Mary in her Ascension to the heavens. Its construction began in 1227 under order of the Archbishop Don Rodrigo Jiménez mandate. The site was situated over the foundations of the Visigoth Cathedral in the sixth century, which had been used as a Mosque. Constructed in a Gothic style with a French influence, it measures 120 m long by 60 m wide and contains 5 naves supported by 88 pillars and 72 vaults. The side naves are extended behind the Main Chapel surrounding the presbytery and this creates an apse aisle with a double semicircular corridor.”  http://www.catedralprimada.es/index.php

We began our visit to Toledo at the El Greco Museum. Born in Crete, he made his way in 1577 to live in Toledo. The museum there now begins its exhibition with his series on the Apostles.
St. Peter (I think)
The Tears of St Pete
El Greco’s Overlook of Toledo
The chapel of St Bernardino
Cool door in the El Greco Museum
El Greco Museum
El Greco Museum
The cathedral of Toledo is grand enough on the outside, but that is just the start. It was built on the site of a Visigoth church from 577. When the Moors took over the area, they built a mosque on the site. Spanish Catholics reconquered Toledo in 1085, 400 years before the end of the Reconquista in 1492. The mosque was transformed into a cathedral from 1226 to 1493.
Here is the chapel which harks back to the Visigoth period, with masses being said every day still in that old style.
Inside the cathedral is where you keep saying Wow.
From the back of the cathedral towards the front.
The scenes on the outside of the choir are of Old and New Testament stories.
Looking to the back of the cathedral.
Gate to the High Altar in the front.
The high altar.
The Choir between the back and high altar. The backs of the chairs show scenes from the Reconquest, then just recently completed.
The figures above the chairs are of saints.
One of the side lecturns.
The archbishop spoke from behind the eagle representing St John.
A 13th century “White Mary”
A scene from the Reconquest.
A scene from the Reconquest.
St. James (Santiago) on horseback leading the reconquest.
The Baroque Transparente is amazing.
The Baroque Transparente is amazing.
A hole was cut into the ceiling to let light shine on the Transparente.
In the back, the relief is of Mary coming from heaven to give a robe to the Visigoth bishop.
A facsimile of the San Luis Bible from the 13th century.
The Chapel of the New Kings holds the remains of ancestors of Queen Isabella.
The great grandfather (I think) of Queen Isabella.
A carving of St Francis in the Sacristy.
A carving of Mary and Jesus from the 13th century.
Ceiling of the Sacristy.
El Greco’s painting of the disrobing of Christ in the Sacristy
Goya’s Betrayal of Christ.
El Greco’s Crucifixion.
A pieta from about 1400.
Entrance to the Chapter House.
Close up of door to the Chapel House.
The chapel house is where painints of Mary’s life are above those of all the bishops of Toledo. The first two, who participated in the Reconquest, are to the left of the throne.
A relief of Mary giving a robe to the first bishop of Toledo.
The Monstrance in the Treaury. 10 feet high, weighing 430 pounds of gold and silver.
The artistry of this is as impressive as the metals.
I did think of Latin American history as I looked at this.

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We got to visit Barcelona from March 16 – 19.

How great to have met Deb and Wes for our first tapas in Barcelona!
The fountain at the Plaza of Catalunya near our hotel, Denit on Estruc.
A monument in honor of Catalonia, a region with long identity.
The telephonic building captured by the anarchists early in the civil war.
Was the Hotel Colon during the civil war, when the Communists captured it.
The Church at Pi, whose large round window was destroyed during the revolution; since repaired.
Damage from air bombings of Barcelona.
Barcelona Cathedral, begun in 1298; built over Roman ruins.
An apartment building by Antoni Gaudi.
Pedrera by Gaudi
On top of Pedrera
Door at Pedrera
Sagrada Familia; unfinished cathedral designed by Gaudi.
Joseph above right transept door
An umbrella of grapes above the crucifix.
Lord’s prayer in Catalunyan.
Columns are tree trunks and branches, leaves, birds, fruit – an exuberant synthesis of nature, scripture, and liturgy.
Reds and yellows from teh west.
Blues and greens from the east.
Out side the left transept is stark.
Christopher Columbus memorial by Barcelona port.
Model of Galley ship from 1571 Battle of Lepanto, when the Holy League beat the Ottomans.

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The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands

 The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands
Lowell Gustafson
Department of
Political Science

Villanova University

Villanova, PA 19085

Who has the Legal Title, the Rightful Claim to the Islands?
Political Geography
  51o42’S, 57o51’W;  
  12,173 km2, 4,700 sq miles;  
  300 miles (480)km east of Argentina in South
Atlantic		  
Political Nomenclature
  Falkland Islands or Falklands, Las Islas Malvinas or
Malvinas, Falklands / Malvinas, Falklands (Malvinas)

Discovery: Sightings and Landings

Indigenous Discovery and Settlement?  The Yaghan people?
European Sightings
of the Islands
  Amerigo Vespucci, Estaban Gomez of Ferdinand
Magellan Simon de Alcazaba,
  Francisco de Camargo  
  John Davis, Richard Hawkins  
  Sebald van Weerdt  
  John Strong  
     
Discovery and
Possession 
Papal Grant
  Pope Alexander VI, 1493  
  Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494  
England and the
Spanish Empire
  Search for naval base from which to penetrate
Spanish Empire in South America, support the independence of Spanish
American colonies
French attempt to
restore its empire
  Antoine Louis de Bougainville founds Port St. Louis
in Les Malouines in January 31, 1764France pays Bougainville for the settlement, Port St. Louis ceeded
to Spain in 1767
     
British Settlement
  – John Byron, January 4, 1765 founds Port
Egmont, after the French settlement was founded.
  – Spanish forcibly evict the British settlement in
1769
  – Some British, such as Lord Chatham, favor forcible
response to restore British control of Port Egmont if necessary
  – Did Lord North think that Falklands were in fact not
valuable enough to warrant conflict with Spanish, but was unable to
publicly back down to Spanish for domestic political reasons?
Was there a Secret Agreement between North and the Spanish
that if the Spanish returned Port Egmont to the British now, Britain
would leave these unimportant islands within a brief time after the
dust settled?
  – Britain does vacate Falklands in 1774,
but leaves a plaque asserting British claim to the islands.
     
  – Nootka Sound Convention of 1790  
     
Political
Independence of Argentina

   
  1810 establishment by Cabildo of the
Primera Junta in support of Ferdinand VII		  
  Britain still interested in penetrating
Spanish empire		  
    Lord Beresford’s old style military approach to
colonialism		  
    Encouragement of Latin American
political independence, economic neo-colonialism
  Spain preoccupied by independence
movements on mainland, in 1811 the Spanish abandon Las Islas
Malvinas
     
  Principle of Uti Possidetus vs.
post-independence political fragmentation: which territories of old
vice-royalties will become parts of newly independent nations?
  Sealers, fisherman of various
nationalities informally use the Falklands
  – Argentina attempts to establish de facto
and de jure control over Las Malvinas.Louis Vernet.–
1825 Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation between Great Britain
and Argentina.

–
June 10, 1829: Argentina gives Vernet exclusive grant of fisheries.

–
November 19, 1829, British protests the grant, renew claim to
Falklands.

–
Vernet seizes two U.S. ships that were violating his exclusive
grant.

–
U.S. sends U.S.S. Lexington, which declared islands res nullius.

–
Argentina appoints new governor.

–
Britain sends two warships, the Clio and the Tyne,
take Port Louis on January 2, 1833.
British occupation from then until now.
     
Summary:
Discovery, Settlement, Abandonments, Plaques, Fishing, and Conquest
  Superiority of Argentine Historical
Claims before 1833		  
     

Self-Determination, Decolonization, and a New Just War?
  The Principle of
Self Determination: Who is the Self?  What may it determine?		  
    – The Falkland Islanders (kelpers) who
live on a well defined piece of territory should be permitted to
decide their political affiliation.- Is the self an individual who makes personal choices?– Is the self an entire nation, a people who together or as
represented by a democratic government may decide what territory is
to be included under its sovereignty.  In this case, all of
Britain is the self, with Falklanders a small percentage.
  Decolonization and
the Use of Force		  
    – To prevent future first uses of force
in the drawing of boundaries, should borders previously drawn
through the use of force be accepted?- Anti-colonialists argue that what the imperialists after WWII
called the first use of force in opposition to established colonies
will not lead to WWIII; instead anti-colonial use of force is in
self-defense against aggression of previous centuries.– Colonized peoples seek to gain independence: Unification of
self-determination and decolonization: justifies the (defensive) use
of force of anti-colonialists.

– A new just war doctrine accepts anti-colonial aggression.1960 U.N.
General Assembly Resolution of 1960, “Declaration on the granting of
independence to colonial countries and peoples.”

– 1961 Indian invasion of Portuguese Goa, which had been there for
450 years: supported by – General Assembly.  Historical
colonial aggression justifies contemporary, anti-colonial aggression
(now called self-defense).

– U.N. General Assembly Resolution 2065: apply 1514 to Malvinas.
Argentines are the self that should decide to decolonize the
Falklands.

–  African and Asian independence movements largely complete by
mid 1970s, their attention moves from decolonization to stability.

– By 1982, many former anti-colonists who had supported Indian
attack in Goa look askance at Argentine invasion of the Falklands.
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